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Ancient Greek Essay Topics
Thursday, August 27, 2020
Compare the State and National government Essay
From multiple points of view, the structure of state governments and the national government reflect one another. In this gathering segment, every understudy is to investigate one state government and contrast it with the national government. Next, disclose to the class on the off chance that you imagine that the state you explored has a decent type of just government. Clue: a reference book at home, at a library or a web search would help. Finally, if it's not too much trouble make sure to refer to your exploration source. Each state has its own constitution dependent on its unmistakable history and requirements. A stateââ¬â¢s constitution is like that of the national Constitution; in any case, the laws made in singular states can't strife with the national Constitution or national laws. Ive chose to investigate the New Jersey State government and contrast it with the national government. The administration of the State of New Jersey, similar to that of the United States, is separated into three branches. Those three branches are the administrative, the official, and legal. The main capacity of the Legislature is to authorize laws. The Legislature comprises of two Houses. Those 2 houses are a 40-part Senate and a 80-part General Assembly. The Senate and Assembly chambers are situated in the State House in Trenton. The Executive Branch completes programs built up by law. The head of the official branch is the representative. The governorââ¬â¢s office is situated in the State House in Trenton. The senator signs bills into law or vetoes them. He can likewise suggest laws and call the governing body into exceptional meeting. The representative has the ability to concede exculpates and is the main individual with the power to bring in the National Guard. The Judiciary Branch rebuffs violators, settles contentions and questions, and is the last expert on the importance and legality of laws. The Judicial Branch chooses how state laws ought to be applied. The senator selects judges to the Supreme and Superior courts with the Senateââ¬â¢s endorsement. I accept that NJ has a decent equitable government. I can value the manner in which each part of government watches out for the other branch through balanced governance. I think its extraordinary that we have the ability to choose individuals into office and that there are a few kinds of workplaces where the individuals all work together. Works refered to Usinfo.state.govNj.gov
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The Metamorphosis Essays - Absurdist Fiction, Modernist Literature
The Metamorphosis THE METAMORPHOSIS I accept that the general subject to the narrative of the Metamorphosis by Kafka concerns society's injusticies and moralities and how they have decreased to a contemptible level. All through the story Kafka shows how society can be part into various areas, with Gregor speaking to the working and helpful man at that point and his family speaking to the various sorts of individuals all through society. When an individual is not, at this point required as a supplier, a child, a sibling or some other citizen, would it be advisable for him to never again be viewed as a person? I think Kafka cries change in the Metamorphosis. The story starts misleadingly essentially affirming a terrible occasion with a disengaged matter-of - factness. ? As Gregor Samsa got up one morning from uncomfortable dreams he wound up changed in his bed into a mammoth creepy crawly.? The sales rep who surrenders himself to the persistent shortcoming of selling products to keep his family in the solace to which they have become acclimated out of nowhere winds up changed into a bug. He seems to acknowledge the truth that he is not, at this point human with a disrupting quiet, really accepting that he can in any case add to society, in spite of his ?distinction.' However, regardless of Gregor's ability to acknowledge his vile destiny, he before long finds that his family isn't exactly as liberal. Since Gregor was the sole wellspring of money related help to his family, so his abrupt change has fiscal ramifications. His dad must accept a position as a concierge and when that doesn't work out, they are compelled to take in visitors. Th ese occupants treat the Samsa family as docile, a reality that bothers Gregor: ?My, what a peaceful life the family used to lead.? Gregor felt pride that he had figured out how to help his folks and sister Greta with such a real existence in a lovely loft. Rather than bemoaning his own destiny, he is considering how he has allowed his family to family. However, they are too self-retained to think about Gregor's private torment. All that made a difference to the family was that Gregor had the option to give. The reason for his reality was to serve his family. After his mystery change to a creepy crawly was found, they understood that he was no longer of any utilization to the family and he was neglected inside and out. This is clarified in the start of the story when Gregor wouldn't give anybody access his room in dread that they would be appalled by his condition. He felt that everybody was irate and needed him to get up for work, which he by one way or another felt that he may have the option to achieve. This is a definitive case of the unwaveringness which Gregor showed a mind-blowing entirety. After his change into a creepy crawly, Gregor introduced an issue for he had no capacity in the family. They bolted him up, detaining him by not permitting him out of his room. Gradually, his assets were expelled, and for quite a while nobody tried to tidy up his room. Anything that was not required for the second was just tossed into his room. To them he was just a bug and not their child and sibling. They decided to disregard all his great and generous acts before the change and didn't show him the regard, which he merited. It is obvious that there were sure things inside the family that Gregor's change into a bug didn't influence. Understanding Gregor was something that his folks neglected to do. Relations among father and child had consistently been stressed, as though the entirety of Gregor's endeavors were to get a fatherly endorsement. His mom, in the wake of addressing Gregor just because after his transformation didn't perceive any distinction in his voice. This appears to b e abnormal since he himself was stunned as he heard his own voice noting hers. He realized that it was his own voice however that it had obviously changed definitely, proposing that they didn't talk regularly. Hence, both when the transformation, they kept on misconception Gregor. They neglected to understand that, even as a bug, Gregor was still there and that he could comprehend all that they needed to state. In this manner, both when the transformation Gregor's
Friday, August 21, 2020
Essay Topics - Technology And Essay Topics
Essay Topics - Technology And Essay TopicsEven as essay topics change, the technology that comes along with them does not; it is almost impossible to pinpoint the precise moment in which digital technology really became part of higher education. It may have existed for a long time in its own separate field, but the moment that it entered the academy, it transformed everything.Let's start with the online world. With all of the computing and technology that make life easier and allow people to connect more easily, what was previously reserved for the PC has finally found its way into the classroom. The internet is no longer just a tool for research or, at the very least, a place to use for updating work-related files; the internet has become the main medium for faculty and students to keep in touch.But perhaps this essay topic is still on the forefront of technology, especially considering that essays do need to be typed up and submitted, which requires a computer. Or perhaps, just as intriguing, is that the essay itself may be more like an extension of the technology. After all, the electronic version is already scanned and converted, leaving the person who will submit it with data and prompts in order to make the essay work. What once was a rough draft of an original text can now be made to appear perfect, even if it was never intended to be.Of course, there are those students who will argue that essay topics are not actually technology; the phrase has a different definition than it does with other forms of essay writing. However, the technology itself has undergone a major evolution in recent years. The internet as we know it today, with its millions of pages and billions of webpages, came from 'the internet' - a manmade, network of computers.Technology essay topics can also mean that the essay is no longer 'one person's opinion,' but that it can now include critical readings from various disciplines and ideas. From a writer's point of view, this can be a chal lenge. Writing about something that might be new and interesting is always difficult, but doing so without learning about what is new and interesting to others, or ignoring it altogether, is both boring and often impossible.Digital technology essay topics are simply the expansion of technology, and they also bring with them new challenges. Because the internet can also be used for communication, the essay could easily become 'written' quickly, which can be a good thing or a bad thing depending on the writer. For example, if the writer is just thinking up words and sentences and a thesis statement in the morning, and wants to get their ideas down as soon as possible, then the slow pace of the internet could be a blessing. On the other hand, if the person has to spend an hour or more of searching through different websites and bookstores in order to get the information they need, it could turn out to be the worst decision ever.This is why, in general, essays that incorporate digital t echnology seem to take on an almost surreal quality. Because the writing itself is so constantly being updated, the audience and the reader became directly involved with the project, and the essay becomes an extension of the writer's personality.In short, technology essay topics have become, for the most part, modern equivalents of ebooks. Just as ebooks let the writer to deliver their thoughts, thoughts and ideas, so too can essays that are written on the internet be analyzed, dissected and written about.
Monday, May 25, 2020
Funny Female Monologue From How to Kiss a Girl
The following monologue is from a one-act comedy How to Kiss a Girl by Wade Bradford. This one-act play isà a silly, sketch-styled play about a young man named Ken who desperately wants to know how to behave on a date, and even more desperately wants to figure out how and when he should make his move and kiss a girl for the very first time. Monologue Background In order to learn, he enlists the help of his highly advanced smartphone, Minerva. The Minerva device downloads tons of audio instructional information, crafted from centuries of information. not all of the advice, however, is useful to todays typical teen. Unfortunately, Ken is too clueless to realize, and he ends up downloading relationship advice from the 1950s, pre-Civil War America, and even Pilgrims and Pirates. Belle is one of the Audio Advice characters, and while Kens date is wolfing down her spaghetti and slurping ice tea like its going out of style, the refined Southern Belle teaches Ken how to read subtle signs from a proper lady. Much of this monologue involves the old fashioned art of fan language, so the actress performing the art should have an elegant fan to flutter during her scene. The Monologue BELLE: When you arrive at her doorstep, be prepared for a grand entrance. Stand courteously at the doorway, breathlessly awaiting her presence. Drink her in. You are mesmerized. Walk in a half circle around her, never breaking your gaze. And still breathless. Place your left hand behind your back, lift your hat with your right hand, and bow. (Pause.) And now you may breathe. Make certain that you have already prepared a charming compliment, do so in advance to avoid being tongue-tied. Tell her she looks as plump and pretty as a sweet Georgia peach. As radiant and glorious as the days before the civil war. That she makes your heart fire faster than a Gatling Gun. Begin your romantic adventure by extending your elbow so that the lady might take your arm. As you escort her to the carriage, be mindful of any mud puddles that may happen to be in your path. Instead of walking around the watery obstacle, remove your jacket, drape it to the ground, and insist that this lovely plump peach wal k upon the jacket as not to soil her pretty shoes. That is chivalry. As you ride together in the carriage, you might be wondering as to what is going through the mind of this delicate young flower. You may be tempted to talk of idle things, such as the weather, but I find it best if a gentleman sticks to the subject at hand, which is mainly the beauty of the young lady in his midst. This time, select a specific physical feature to complement. Preferably, something above her neckline. I suggest you compliment her eyes, lips, chin, and even perhaps her earlobes if you are feeling particularly bold this evening. Avoid making comments about a womans nose. Even kind words will make her self conscious. But you will notice, as the carriage ride continues, the lady speaks very little, yet she says much. (Produces a fan.) To discover the secrets of her feminine mind, simply observe the subtle signals she gives you with the movements of her fan. If the lady holds the fan with her left hand an d places it in front of her face, then she is desirous of your acquaintance. However, if she twirls her fan in her right hand, like so, then she wants to speak with you in private. Dropping the fan curtly means she simply wants to be friends, but if she presents her fan to you, shut closed thusly, she is asking: Do you love me? Now, this one is most important, so I hope you are paying attention. If the lovely lady presses a half-opened fan to her lips, that means, young man, that she wants to kiss you. Now, watch her closely: What message is she trying to convey to you? Note: This monologue could obviously be performed by one person. However, it could be further developed with a total of three performers. One actress delivering the monologue, while two other performers act out the scene being described.
Friday, May 15, 2020
Alienation of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a...
Willys Loneliness and Alienation in Death of a Salesman Willy Lomanââ¬â¢s feelings of alienation and loneliness are direct psychological results of his interaction with society and the conditions that are found within it. Although, he does not necessarily have the ability or allow himself to have the ability to define his feelings as such, they are still very much a part of his everyday existence. This is evident in his constant bragging and attempted compensation. He does not feel that he is truly a part of society. Indeed, he is not. Miller himself seems to be saying that this is not necessarily a bad thing; this society is not that wonderful. Yet Willy still yearns to be like his brother, Ben, and the other men he sees makingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Even the things he dreams of having for himself and for his family are shallow. He will never find relief from his search because even if he reaches his goals of modest financial success he would still be left wanting. Willyââ¬â¢s life teeters between these petty concrete objects and his grandiose verbal projections. In past, present, and fantasy, Willy expresses himself through clichà ©s and repetitions in a formulaic chant. However, he achieves neither popularity nor success as a salesman, and he fails as a gardener, mechanic, husband, father. (Martin 67) He cannot even achieve small goals. He has no real feeling of self-worth, and this lack of self-confidence is reinforced by society and Biffââ¬â¢s discovery of Willyââ¬â¢s infidelity. In speaking about his plays, Miller explained, ââ¬Å"It is necessary, if one is to reflect reality, not only to depict why a man does what he does, or why he nearly didnââ¬â¢t do it, but why he cannot simply walk away and say to hell with itâ⬠(Eight ix). In the case of Death of a Salesman, it is Willyââ¬â¢s desperate hope of success that keeps him from committing suicide for so long. Eventually, however, he gives in to his feelings of depression and ends his life. It is the only viable solution he sees at this point. In another writing, Miller said, ââ¬Å"My impulse isShow MoreRelatedDeath of a Salesman - Materialism Alienation1696 Words à |à 7 PagesModern Tragedies deal with modern issues such as materialism, consumerism, procrastination and alienation. To what extent does Death of a Salesman show evidence of at least two of these issues, and how does Miller present them? Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËDeath of a Salesmanââ¬â¢ is a modern tragedy; one that incorporates both the tragic genre presented in theatres for centuries as well as essences of the modern world we live in. Materialism is a modern phenomenon, something which possibly began due to the AmericanRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1027 Words à |à 5 PagesAn Analysis of Tragic Heroism of Biff Loman in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller This literary study will define the tragic heroism of Biff Loman in Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s play The Death of a Salesman. Biff is initially a victim of Willyââ¬â¢s continual harassment to make more money and find a better career. In this family unit, Biff must endure the unrealistic and fantasy-based elusions of his father in his fanatical pursuit of the American Dream. However, Biff soon learns of Willyââ¬â¢s extra-marital betrayalRead More Death of a Modernist Salesman Essay3513 Words à |à 15 PagesDeath of a Modernist Salesman à à à à à The modernist movement in writing was characterized by a lack of faith in the traditional ways of explaining life and its meaning.à Religion, nationalism, and family were no longer seen as being infallible.à For the modernist writers, a sense of security could no longer be found.à They could not find any meaning or order in the old ways.à Despair was a common reaction for them.à The dilemma they ran into was what to do with this knowledge.à Poet Robert FrostRead More Dehumanization in Death of a Salesman Essay example1245 Words à |à 5 PagesDehumanization in Death of a Salesman à à à Alienation and loneliness are two of the frequently explored themes in Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s Death of a Salesman.à Yet they can also cause other effects which are just as harmful, if not more so.à In Death of a Salesman, two of these other results are dehumanization and a loss of individual freedom.à This is a very complex web of emotions, but as Miller said, ââ¬Å"Death of a Salesman is not, of course, in the realistic tradition, having broken out into quiteRead MoreEssay about The American Dream in Death of a Salesman1371 Words à |à 6 PagesArthur Millerââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËDeath of a Salesmanââ¬â¢ is an examination of American life and consumerism. It relates the story of a common man who portrays this lifestyle. Other issues explored in the play include: materialism, procrastination and alienation. The play was set in 1948, in a time where The American Dream was highly regarded, despite the Depression. The American Dream was a belief that emerged in the late r half of the nineteenth century, that if you work hard you will achieve success and prosperityRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words à |à 7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotleââ¬â¢s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ââ¬ËDeath of a Salesmanââ¬â¢ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ââ¬Ëperfectââ¬â¢ tragedy in his text, ââ¬ËPoeticsââ¬â¢ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a ââ¬Å"fatal flawâ⬠within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead MoreNew York : A Cultural Melting Pot, And The American Dream2234 Words à |à 9 PagesArthur Miller New York is a cultural melting pot, and the American Dream is intertwined with the identity of the city. Born on October 17,1915, Arthur Miller grew up in the vivacious immigrant neighborhoods of Harlem and Brooklyn (Rollyson and Sterling 1). Millerââ¬â¢s father withdrew from family life after his business failed in the Great Depression, and the image of a failed father figure scarred Millerââ¬â¢s psyche forever (Rosefeldt and Sherman 1). To Miller, the Great Depression was a watershed eventRead MoreWillys Tragic Flaw and the Effect it Has Upon his Sons in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1510 Words à |à 7 PagesTragic Flaw and the Effect it Has Upon his Sons in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Willys Tragic Flaw and the Effect it Has Upon his Sons Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller concerns itself with the fall of a simple man perpetually in a steadfast state regarding his own failure in a success-driven society. The protagonist of the play, Willy Loman, will follow a tragic trajectory that will eventually lead to his suicide. Arthur Millers tragic play is an accurate portrayal of the typicalRead MoreThe Changing Relationship Between Individual and Society in Modern Drama3272 Words à |à 14 Pagesnonentity without rights outside the role of motherhood or marriage; In the 1930s and 40s, German-born writer Bertolt Brecht, produced a series of plays following ideologies common of Nihilist and later Marxist values; Following the second world war, Arthur Miller wrote to American audiences that individuals and their society are equally damning forces on one another. By following Ibsen, Brecht and Miller, three authors from three different countries, backgrounds and time frames, it is possible to witness
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Abraham Moslow Essay - 1626 Words
Abraham Moslow The theorist I chose was Maslow, he was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first of seven children born to his parents, Jewish immigrants from Russia. His parents, hoping for the best for their children in the New World, pushed him hard for academic success. He became the psychologist who many people consider the founder of a movement called humanistic psychology. The movement developed as a revolt against behaviorism and psychoanalysis, the two most popular psychological views of the mid- 1900ââ¬â¢s. Humanistic psychologists believe individuals are controlled by their own values and choices and not by the environment, as behaviorists think, or by unconscious drives, as psychoanalyst believe. Maslow stressedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In our day to day life we exhibit these needs in our desires to marry, have a family be a part of a community, a member of church, brother part of a fraternity, a part of a gang or a bowling club. It is also a part of what we look for in a career. The esteem needs. Next we begin to look for a little self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, fame, glory, recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation, dignity, even dominance. The higher form involves the need for self-respect, including such feelings as confidence, competence, achievement, mastery, independence, and freedom. This is the ââ¬Å"higherâ⬠form because, unlike the respect of others, once we have self-respect, it is a much harder to lose. The negative version of these needs is low self-esteem and weakness complexes. Maslow felt that Adler was onto something when he stated that these were at the roots of many, even of our psychological difficulties. In modern countries, many of us have what we need in regard to our physiological and safety needs. Sometimes we even have reasonable amount of love and sense of belonging. It is a respect that often seems hard to get! The next four levels Maslow calls deficit needs, or D-needs. If you do not have an adequate amount of something it would make it a deficit .We feelShow MoreRelated Socioeconomic Factors that Lure Individuals into Gangs608 Words à |à 2 Pagesan underclass, and the enticement of what being a gang member offers the individual. The gang may offer the individual security, acceptance, and help just surviving. The basic needs an individual must fulfill was first addressed by psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1951. He proposed that a hierarchy of needs existed. This hierarchy of needs are five basic needs that have to be fulfilled. The first need is physiological. This is the basic survival needs such as shelter, food, and water. This need
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Japanese Negotiations Essay Example For Students
Japanese Negotiations Essay Japanese NegotiationWhen thinking about negotiations one might not realize how often that we negotiate in our everyday lives. Almost every activity that we do, especially when involving more than just ourselves, involves negotiations in some way, such as should we eat at Burger King or at McDonalds. You negotiate with someone else or even yourself in your decision. Negotiations are also very important in business dealings. The negotiation can make or break a business deal and even ruin the relationship of the two parties. Negotiations are a fine art that is very difficult to master, if the mastering of it is even possible. Different people negotiate in different ways, but every society follows the same basic guidelines for the most part. This is not true whenever you look at different cultures and their negotiation styles and tactics. Sometimes these styles can be very different from what we have grown a custom to. The United States for example has negotiation styles and rules that d iffer quit a bit from those of the Japanese. This is why it is important to keep these differences in mind when dealing with the Japanese whether it involves business or personal issues. For the sake of simplicity, we will be looking mainly at the business aspect of negotiations. This report will cover the basics of negotiation with the Japanese. This is only a brief guideline; one should keep in mind that if you are planning to take this subject further much more research should be done to fully understand all aspects of this area. The beginning of a negotiation can be a very critical one. For the most part, Americans want to jump right in a get down to business. This is do in mainly to our society and itââ¬â¢s fast paced way of doing business. We live in a fast paced world and feel that things need to be done quickly. This is not the same feeling shared by the Japanese though. When negotiating with Japanese, they like to take the time to get to know the other party first. They give great importance to trust when dealing with others. They need to know more about the other party in order to achieve trust in them. If Americans expect a negotiation with Japanese within the U.S. framework of a brief introduction, discussion of technical matters, supply and cost bargaining, and closing, they will surely be disappointed. Japanese, on the other hand, will feel rushed and pressured if they discover they will not spend much time finding out about the school backgrounds, relative company status, and family backgrounds of U. S. negotiators. Japanese need to feel a sense of harmony and cooperation. Without this phatic communication, of what from a U.S. perspective is trivial information (but nonetheless has an important function of building trust). Japanese feel that their relationship is not anchored and may drift. This is an uneasy situation in the extremely competitive world of Japanese business (McCreary p25-26). After this information is shared the Japanese will feel that they can enter into the negotiations. The negotiation normally follows the same pattern, or stages. After the introduction and the gathering of trust, the next stage is usually made up of the technical details of the product. The Japanese often insist on every single detail being explained several times. This once again is due to the issue of trust. They try to see if the details vary at all. The bargaining stage normally follows next. The U.S. style of negotiations normally causes the U.S. team to focus on prices that will be too high or too low. In contrary, Japanese normally shot for prices that are more reasonable. More of this will be discussed later. The final stage involves the strategies that lead to the signing of the contract. It is very important to keep in mind that the Japanese feel that a product that is not up to standard, that was presented in the negotiation are looked on as being shameful to the individual. They value the honesty of a deal and those invol ved in the deal very much. When doing business, many American companies rely on contracts to bind the agreement. The contract is looked at as the tangible goal of most business negotiations. Without a contract or some type of written agreement it is very unlikely the deal will last. It is very unlikely, that if a problem occurs and a third party is needed to solve that problem, that the deal will even be recognized without a contract. This is different to the Japanese way of business. Contracts are foreign to the Japanese way of doing business, and Americans would do well to keep this fact in mind when doing business with the Japanese (Zimmerman, p.91). This dislike of contracts once again relates to the importance that Japanese put into trust and integrity. Many Japanese will not even bother to read a contract before signing it because they donââ¬â¢t attach substantive importance to it (Ibid, p.91). Although this practice is okay to do in Japan it often causes problems in the U.S. and other Western areas. This is also troublesome when someone who does value a contract finds that there may be no punishment in Japan if the contract is broken. This is why it is very important that both parties have a mutual understanding of the contract and what it entails prior to the signing. If this is not done than one of the parties, if not both, have a good chance of being upset by some future happening. This would not only be unfortunate at the time of the occurrence but it could also lead to the two parties ending any type of relationship which could hurt both parties morally and financially. Part of the suspicion that the Japanese have toward contracts derives from the change in their situation over the past thirty years (Ibid. p.93). This suspicion is caused by the Japanese distrust of the foreign partners that they dealt with in the sixties and seventies. During this time of rebuilding they depended on others for much of the technology needed to rebuild their country. Now that they have gained a competitive edge in todayââ¬â¢s technology, they do not want to deal with the same partners as before. It is beneficial to any firm doing business with the Japanese to assure them that both are on equal ground and will receive equal and fair treatment and respect. This will help the Japanese feel more comfortable about a contract and more willing to sign and agree with one. There is also a pact per say with the Japanese national bank that allows Japanese countries to render some of the financial burdens of a contract if the bank is notified of the contract and approves it at least thirty days in advance. This relieves some of the tension involved with signing the contracts. There are four important, complex, and interrelated Japanese concepts that have a strong influence on how the Japanese do business and conduct their personal lives (Ibid. p.64). These four concepts are Nintai (patience), kao (face), giri (duties), and on (obligations). Nintai, all though there is no direct English translation, means in a business context that one has the endurance and intellectual capability to uncover methodically and carefully every factor that might have even the slightest bearing on a business decision or the outcome of a negotiation. This includes many aspects of negotiations including the sides taking enough time to think about and thoroughly prepare themselves for the negotiations. If you are lacking in nintai you run the risk of constantly being in danger of losing kao (face). Kao is considered to be the most precious commodity a Japanese has. When someone in Japan has a spotless kao they are looked upon buy their peers, employers, coworkers and family as bei ng in tune with society. One of the worst mistakes anyone can make in their dealings with Japanese is to put down their work and embarrass them in front of others. The best action to take if you are not pleased with some ones work is to talk to them in private. You must try to be very gentle in your explanation of your dissatisfaction and emphasize on the personââ¬â¢s strong points. If you do not take extreme care in this you are sure to upset the person and could possible earn a lifetime enemy. The last two concepts that one needs to understand is that of giri (duties) and on (obligations). To help understand the importance of these two concepts one must comprehend one fact about the Japanese. The Japanese tend to take every debt and obligation received during life as a personal weight on their shoulders. Although through repayment of favors and help, these debts can be somewhat repaid but they can never be fully restored. A more accurate description of on is the obligation incu rred by giving and granting major favors, such as giving birth or taking care of some ones education. When one receives on from another it is expected that they spend most of their life trying to repay it in some form, although the Japanese feel that you can never fully repay the debt. Of the two concepts, giri seems to be the less serious of the two (Ibid, p.64). Giri is the exchange of small debts and obligations that occur on an everyday basis. Such examples would be the giving of a small gift to another. Giri even takes into consideration the welcome that you receive when walking into a Japanese restaurant. You are not expected though to spend your life trying to repay this gift though. It is taken that everyone gives and receives giri several times throughout a normal day. One must keep in mind that in the Japanese society one cannot escape the massive web of obligation created by giving and receiving gifts. It is very important to also remember that next to insulting ones kao is to refuse a gift. Heroin EssayAs touched on before, it is not always in the best interest of Americans to use translators. It could put the American party at a disadvantage allowing the Japanese to reach a beneficial agreement easier. It is important thought if you are using a translator that you take the proper steps to ensure that you will be represented as accurately as possible. There are certain steps that you can take in order to make sure that you are represented as accurately as possible. You should try to get a translator who is familiar with the specific field that you are going to be dealing with. You need to speak slowly and distinctly and try to avoid using slang, sport talk, obscure expressions, or superfluous words. It is wise to brief your translator ahead of time as thoroughly as possible. If you are giving a talk or presentation, give them a copy of it and allow them time to review it and ask any questions they might have regarding words or language you might be planning to use. If you do not have a copy try to cover the major points that you will be discussing so they are clear on what you are trying to convey. Use short sentences and do not talk to long without a pause. This allows the translator to better translate what you have said and it also keeps the other party from having to sit a long time without understanding what is being said. When speaking look at your counterpart, not at the translator, and try to avoid making assumptions of any king. If your interpreter asks you many questions that seem unwarranted, get a new interpreter (Rowland p.68). It is also a smart choice to get your own translator instead of using one that the company that you are dealing with has provided you. It is also beneficial sometimes to use an older translator because they can lend you credibility and respectability, however they might not be as fluent in the English language. It is also important that you are very patient and take plenty of breaks to allow the translator to relax and also use this time to gain any insight that you might be able to get from the translator. It might best be said that a negotiation with Japanese is ââ¬Å"closedâ⬠when U.S. negotiators and their company have convinced the Japanese of their credibility, trustworthiness, and long-term commitment (McCreary p.67). A sense of closing a negotiation can occur in a very early stage of negotiating or it can occur after the exchange of money or gifts. No matter when it is achieved one thing is for certain. It is very unlikely that a negotiation will be closed before the Japanese feel a sense of trust in the other party. It is important that the Japanese do not feel rushed or bullied into an agreement, if this is the case the negotiation is sure to fail. It is important that patience, functionally speaking and the ability to wait out the Japanese side is used and always kept in mind. The Japanese also double-check just about every detail and then ask for further explanation. The reason for this is that Japanese believe information gathering is one of the ways they can become m ore confident and comfortable with a new business arrangement (McCreary p.67). When negotiating with the Japanese it is critical that you keep in mind that the Japanese have a certain way that they want to do business and if you want to close a negotiation with the Japanese you need to play by their rules. When trying to master the art of negotiations it is very important that you keep numerous tactics and skills in mind. You need to be aware of whom you are negotiating with and their principles and ground rules for negotiations. Not everyone goes about negotiating in the same manner. There are as many ways to negotiate, as there are people to negotiate with. Obviously, we are only human and make mistakes. It is also true, that when dealing with the Japanese, some will expect you to follow their guidelines and some will follow ours. If is a giant guessing game and the best way to be prepared is to study your counterpart. If you go into the negotiation planning on using their ground rules, you will have a much better chance at success. It is very important to keep in mind that when you are negotiating with the Japanese that trust is a major key of how well the proceedings will go. Without mutual trust, it is very unlikely that the negotiations will be of much use. It is also necessary t hat you have patience and do not offend your Japanese counterpart. If you keep in mind the important proceedings regarding Japanese negotiations and you have a good game plan, you will have great success in your dealings with the Japanese. It is also very likely that once you have dealt with a Japanese business and everything went well it would be easy to continue business with them. BibliographyBibliographyFaure, Guy Olivier. Culture and Negotiation; Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, 1993McCreary, Don. Japanese-U.S. Business Negotiations; A Cross-Cultural Study, Praeger Publishers, New York, NY, 1986Nicholson, Michael. International Relations; New York University Press, New York, NY, 1998Rowland, Diana. Japanese Business Etiquette; A Practical Guide to Success with the Japanese; Warner Books, Inc., New York, NY, 1993Tenhover, Gregory. Unlocking the Japanese Business Mind; Transemantics, Inc., Washington, DC, 1994Zimmerman, Mark. How to do Business with the Japanese, Charles E. Turtle Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1987Business Essays
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